I | INTRODUCTION |
Cape
Verde, republic comprising the Cape Verde Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean,
due west of the westernmost point of Africa, Cape Verde. The archipelago
consists of ten islands and five islets, which are divided into windward and
leeward groups. The windward, or Barlavento, group on the north includes Santo
Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolau, Santa Luzia, Sal, and Boa Vista; the leeward,
or Sotavento, group on the south includes São Tiago, Brava, Fogo, and Maio. Cape
Verde has a total area of 4,033 sq km (1,557 sq mi).
II | LAND AND RESOURCES |
The islands are volcanic in origin, and all
but three—Sal, Boa Vista, and Maio—are mountainous. The highest point, Pico do
Cano (2,829 m/9,281 ft) on Fogo, is also the group’s only active volcano. The
climate is tropical and dry, showing little variation throughout the year. The
average temperature in Praia, the capital, ranges from 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F)
in January and 24° to 28°C (75° to 83°F) in July. Winds are frequent,
occasionally carrying clouds of sand from the Sahara Desert in Africa to the
east. Precipitation is slight and irregular. Average precipitation in Praia is
260 mm (10 in), nearly all of which falls from August through September.
Vegetation is sparse and consists of various shrubs, aloes, and other
drought-resistant species. Wildlife is also limited and includes lizards,
monkeys, wild goats, and a variety of birdlife. Mineral resources are meager and
primarily include pozzolana (a volcanic rock used in making cement) and
salt.
Prolonged droughts are an increasing problem
for the small, rocky archipelago, which has no renewable sources of fresh water.
Only 80 percent (2004) of Cape Verde residents have access to safe water, and
only 43 percent (2004) have access to sanitation. Overgrazing of livestock,
improper land use, and high demand for fuelwood are added concerns.
Reforestation projects are being initiated to retain runoff, but additional
outside aid may be necessary to implement these projects effectively.
Only 12.2
percent (2003) of Cape Verde’s total land area is arable, and 20.8 percent
(2005) is forested. None of Cape Verde’s land is classified as protected.
Environmental damage threatens several indigenous species of birds and reptiles.
Cape Verde is a party to international agreements regarding biodiversity,
climate change, desertification, environmental modification, law of the sea, and
marine dumping.
III | POPULATION |
More than two-thirds of the people of Cape
Verde are of mixed African and European ancestry and are known as Creoles, or
mestiços. Nearly all of the remainder are of African ancestry. The
official language is Portuguese; the national language, however, is Crioulo, a
Creole dialect of archaic Portuguese incorporating many African elements. Roman
Catholicism is the dominant religion. Some 78 percent of the population is
literate.
The census of 1990 counted a population of
341,491; the estimated population in 2008 was 426,113, giving the country an
overall density of 106 persons per sq km (274 per sq mi). Because Cape Verde is
poor in natural resources and suffers from frequent droughts, it has experienced
large emigration for many years. More people with a Cape Verde ancestry live
outside the country than inside. The population growth rate in 2008 was 0.6
percent annually. Life expectancy at birth was 75 years for women and 68 years
for men. The principal urban centers are Praia (population, 2003 estimate,
107,000), on São Tiago, and Mindelo (2000; 62,970) on São Vicente.
IV | ECONOMY |
Although limited by scarce arable land and
diminished by regular drought, agriculture remains an important economic
activity. Staple crops include maize and beans; also cultivated are sweet
potatoes, coconuts, potatoes, cassava, and dates. Some bananas are grown for
export, and sugarcane is raised for the making of rum. Because of its
mountainous terrain, only 11.4 percent of the islands’ area is cultivated.
Subdivision of farms from generation to generation has reduced many farms to a
size smaller than needed for subsistence, and Cape Verde depends on food imports
(much of it in the form of aid) to feed its people.
Cape Verde is located in the midst of rich
fishing grounds, although the industry has yet to develop to its potential.
Fish-processing facilities have been constructed in Mindelo, and the government
has initiated programs to modernize the fishing fleet. The catch in 2005 was
7,742 metric tons; the catch is usually composed chiefly of skipjack and
yellowfin tuna and wahoo, a type of large mackerel. Some lobsters are caught for
export.
Salt is mined on Sal, Boa Vista, and Maio,
with annual production of about 7,000 metric tons. Production has declined to
less than one-quarter of the level achieved in the 1970s, depressed by the lack
of steady markets and readily available ocean transportation, as well as the
cost of repairs to equipment. Pozzolana is extracted for export.
Gross domestic product (GDP) of Cape Verde
was $1,144 million in 2006, or just $2,206.10 per person. The bulk of exports,
valued at $9.75 million in 2001, are purchased by Portugal, followed by the
United Kingdom, Spain, France, Germany, and The Netherlands. Imports, worth $248
million, come principally from Portugal, France, and Japan. The economy depends
extensively on remittances from Cape Verdeans living overseas, which help to
offset the country's large trade deficit. The country's basic unit of currency
is the Cape Verde escudo (87.90 escudos equal U.S.$1; 2006 average);
1,000 escudos is known as a conto.
Cape Verde is attempting to capitalize on its
strategic location at the crossroads of mid-Atlantic air and sea lanes by
expanding, with the assistance of foreign aid, airports, and port facilities.
Main ports are at Mindelo and Praia. The international airport at Espargos, on
Sal, is a refueling stop for flights to Africa and South America. A second
international airport opened in Praia in 2005. With unspoiled beaches and a
sunny climate, the government has identified tourism as the primary focus of
development, although the number of visitors in 2006 was only 242,000.
V | GOVERNMENT |
A new constitution promulgated in 1992 affirmed
Cape Verde as a multiparty democracy, expanding on reforms begun in 1990 that
introduced free and popular elections for president and parliament. Legislative
power is held by the 79-member National Assembly; members are elected by the
voters to five-year terms. The head of state is the president, who is also
elected to a five-year term. A prime minister holds executive power and is
nominated by the assembly and appointed by the president. The largest political
parties are the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV) and the
Movement for Democracy (MPD).
VI | HISTORY |
The islands were used by Senegalese fishers
before the first Europeans arrived, about 1456. They were claimed by Portugal in
1460; Portuguese settlers began to land shortly afterward. In 1495 the
archipelago was declared a crown possession of Portugal, and slaves were
subsequently imported from the African continent to cultivate the land. After
gaining prosperity, the islands became attractive to pirates and foreign
raiders—English, Dutch, and French—who repeatedly attacked during the following
centuries. When the slave trade (for which the islands had served as a port of
call) was abolished in 1876, their importance dwindled, although a coaling
station and a submarine cable station at Mindelo still attracted many ships
until World War I. Trade increased again toward the middle of the 20th
century.
In an attempt to avert growing nationalism,
Portugal in 1951 designated its African colonies, including Cape Verde, as
overseas provinces. The provincial status gave Cape Verdeans access to higher
education, but lack of job opportunities and poverty in the islands forced many
of the educated to take administrative jobs on the African mainland. There they
began to participate in growing nationalist movements. Amílcar Cabral, a Cape
Verdean, cofounded the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape
Verde (known by its Portuguese acronym PAIGC) in 1956 in Portuguese Guinea (now
Guinea-Bissau). The party initiated an armed rebellion against Portugal in the
early 1960s. For logistical reasons, the rebels did not attempt to disrupt
Portugal's control of Cape Verde, which was used as a garrison for Portuguese
troops fighting on the mainland. However, desire for independence among Cape
Verdeans remained strong and many residents of the islands went to the mainland
to join the rebellion.
A revolution in Portugal in 1974 sparked mass
mobilizations in Cape Verde, which prompted the new Portuguese government to
negotiate with the PAIGC. Talks culminated in independence for Cape Verde on
July 5, 1975, ending five centuries of Portuguese rule. Although the original
constitution envisioned eventual unification with Guinea-Bissau, a coup in that
country in 1980 resulted in strained relations and the dropping of plans for
unity.
In 1981 the PAIGC was dissolved and replaced
by the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV). A 1981
constitution made the PAICV the country's sole political party. Under its first
president, Aristides Pereira, Cape Verde was nonaligned in foreign policy but
heavily dependent on Western aid. Under pressure from church and academic
circles, reforms enacted in 1990 provided for the country's first free
presidential election, won by Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro in 1991. A new
constitution enshrining the new multiparty system was adopted in 1992.
Mascarenhas, running uncontested, was reelected in February 1996 and his party,
Movement for Democracy (MPD), won a landslide victory in legislative elections.
In 2001 elections, the PAICV retook the
majority of seats in the National Assembly, and PAICV candidate Pedro Pires was
elected president. Pires appointed José Maria Neves prime minister.
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