In February 1945 Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and
Joseph Stalin—respectively, the heads of state of the United Kingdom, the United
States, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)—met at the Black Sea
resort of Yalta to discuss the postwar division and occupation of Germany after
World War II (1939-1945). In the resulting Yalta agreements, the USSR agreed to
help defeat Japan in exchange for several islands in the area, although this was
kept secret until later. Critics in the United States argued that too many
concessions had been made to the USSR during the conference, making the Yalta
agreements a focus of domestic disputes. Herbert S. Parmet
Yalta Agreements
PROTOCOL OF PROCEEDINGS OF CRIMEA CONFERENCE…
II. DECLARATION OF LIBERATED EUROPE
The following declaration has been approved:
The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,
the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the President of the United States
of America have consulted with each other in the common interests of the people
of their countries and those of liberated Europe. They jointly declare their
mutual agreement to concert during the temporary period of instability in
liberated Europe the policies of their three Governments in assisting the
peoples liberated from the domination of Nazi Germany and the peoples of the
former Axis satellite states of Europe to solve by democratic means their
pressing political and economic problems.
The establishment of order in Europe and the rebuilding
of national economic life must be achieved by processes which will enable the
liberated peoples to destroy the last vestiges of nazism and fascism and to
create democratic institutions of their own choice. This is a principle of the
Atlantic Charter—the right of all people to choose the form of government under
which they will live—the restoration of sovereign rights and self-government to
those peoples who have been forcibly deprived to them by the aggressor
nations.
To foster the conditions in which the liberated people
may exercise these rights, the three governments will jointly assist the people
in any European liberated state or former Axis state in Europe where, in their
judgment conditions require,
(a) to establish conditions of internal peace;
(b) to carry out emergency relief measures for the
relief of distressed peoples—,
(c) to form interim governmental authorities broadly
representative of all democratic elements in the population and pledged to the
earliest possible establishment through free elections of Governments responsive
to the will of the people; and
d) to facilitate where necessary the holding of such
elections.
The three Governments will consult the other United
Nations and provisional authorities or other Governments in Europe when matters
of direct interest to them are under consideration.
When, in the opinion of the three Governments,
conditions in any European liberated state or former Axis satellite in Europe
make such action necessary, they will immediately consult together on the
measure necessary to discharge the joint responsibilities set forth in this
declaration.
By this declaration we reaffirm our faith in the
principles of the Atlantic Charter, our pledge in the Declaration by the United
Nations and our determination to build in cooperation with other peace-loving
nations world order, under law, dedicated to peace, security, freedom and
general well-being of all mankind.
In issuing this declaration, the three powers express
the hope that the Provisional Government of the French Republic may be
associated with them in the procedure suggested.…
VII. POLAND
The following declaration on Poland was agreed by the
conference:
“A new situation has been created in Poland as a result
of her complete liberation by the Red Army. This calls for the establishment of
a Polish Provisional Government which can be more broadly based than was
possible before the recent liberation of the western part of Poland. The
Provisional Government which is now functioning in Poland should therefore be
reorganized on a broader democratic basis with the inclusion of democratic
leaders from Poland itself and from Poles abroad. This new Government should
then be called the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity.
“[Soviet Foreign Minister] M. [Vyacheslav] Molotov,
[U.S. Ambassador W. Averell] Harriman and [British Ambassador] Sir A. Clark Kerr
are authorized as a commission to consult in the first instance in Moscow with
members of the present Provisional Government and with other Polish democratic
leaders from within Poland and from abroad, with a view to the reorganization of
the present Government along the above lines. This Polish Provisional Government
of National Unity shall be pledged to the holding of free and unfettered
elections as soon as possible on the basis of universal suffrage and secret
ballot. In these elections all democratic and anti-Nazi parties shall have the
right to take part and to put forward candidates.
“When a Polish Provisional Government of National Unity
has been properly formed in conformity with the above, the Government of the
U.S.S.R., which now maintains diplomatic relations with the present Provisional
Government of Poland, and the Government of the United Kingdom and the
Government of the United States of America will establish diplomatic relations
with the new Polish Provisional Government of National Unity, and will exchange
Ambassadors by whose reports the respective Governments will be kept informed
about the situation in Poland.
“The three heads of Government consider that the eastern
frontier of Poland should follow the Curzon Line with digressions from it in
some regions of five to eight kilometers in favor of Poland. They recognize that
Poland must receive substantial accessions in territory in the north and west.
They feel that the opinion of the new Polish Provisional Government of National
Unity should be sought in due course of the extent of these accessions and that
the final delimitation of the western frontier of Poland should thereafter await
the peace conference.…”
AGREEMENT REGARDING JAPAN
The leaders of the three great powers—the Soviet Union,
the United States of America and Great Britain—have agreed that in two or three
months after Germany has surrendered and the war in Europe is terminated, the
Soviet Union shall enter into war against Japan on the side of the Allies on
condition that:
1. The status quo in Outer Mongolia (the Mongolian
People's Republic) shall be preserved.
2. The former rights of Russia violated by the
treacherous attack of Japan in 1904 shall be restored, viz.:
(a) The southern part of Sakhalin as well as the islands
adjacent to it shall be returned to the Soviet Union;
(b) The commercial port of Dairen shall be
internationalized, the pre-eminent interests of the Soviet Union in this port
being safeguarded, and the lease of Port Arthur as a naval base of the U.S.S.R.
restored;
(c) The Chinese-Eastern Railroad and the South
Manchurian Railroad, which provide an outlet to Dairen, shall be jointly
operated by the establishment of a joint Soviet-Chinese company, it being
understood that the pre-eminent interests of the Soviet Union shall be
safeguarded and that China shall retain sovereignty in Manchuria;
3. The Kurile Islands shall be handed over to the Soviet
Union.
It is understood that the agreement concerning Outer
Mongolia and the ports and railroads referred to above will require concurrence
of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. The President will take measures in order to
maintain this concurrence on advice from Marshal Stalin.
The heads of the three great powers have agreed that
these claims of the Soviet Union shall be unquestionably fulfilled after Japan
has been defeated.
For its part, the Soviet Union expresses it readiness to
conclude with the National Government of China a pact of friendship and alliance
between the U.S.S.R. and China in order to render assistance to China with its
armed forces for the purpose of liberating China from the Japanese yoke.
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