I | INTRODUCTION |
New
Hampshire, one of the six New England states and one of the smaller
states of the United States. The state is bordered on the north by the Canadian
province of Québec, on the east by Maine and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by
Massachusetts, and on the west by Vermont. Concord is the capital of New
Hampshire. Manchester is the largest city.
Settled only three years after the landing of
the Pilgrims at Plymouth, Massachusetts, New Hampshire was one of the original
13 colonies. As the ninth state to ratify the Constitution of the United States,
New Hampshire cast the decisive vote on June 21, 1788, that put the Constitution
into effect.
New Hampshire has within its boundaries the
highest mountains in New England, countless lakes, hundreds of streams and
brooks, and large areas of unspoiled woodlands. Tourists have flocked to New
Hampshire since the late 1800s. Despite its rural appearance, New Hampshire has
long been an industrial state. Two of its early industries, the manufacture of
shoes and of textiles, started in the homes of the earliest settlers.
New Hampshire is known as the Granite State
because of its extensive granite formations and deposits. The state was named by
Captain John Mason, who in the early 17th century received one of the first land
grants in what was to become New Hampshire. He named the area after the English
county of Hampshire, where he had spent time as a youth.
II | PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY |
New Hampshire is the seventh smallest state in
the nation, with an area of 24,216 sq km (9,350 sq mi), including 813 sq km (314
sq mi) of inland waters. The state is roughly triangular in shape. Its greatest
distance from north to south is 291 km (181 mi) and its largest extent east to
west is 151 km (94 mi). New Hampshire’s mean elevation is about 300 m (about
1,000 ft).
New Hampshire was once covered by glaciers,
the last of which receded 10,000 years ago. These glaciers greatly affected the
landscape by rounding the mountains and creating hundreds of streams and lakes.
In addition, much of New Hampshire is covered with rocks, boulders, and clays
that were deposited by the glaciers. Although all of the state was covered by
the glaciers, there are great differences among its natural regions.
A | Natural Regions |
New Hampshire’s land area is divided into
three major natural regions: the White Mountains, the New England Upland, and
the Seaboard Lowland. All three are sections of the New England physiographic
province, which in turn forms part of the Appalachian Region.
The White Mountains occupy most of the
northern one-third of the state. This natural region is the most rugged and
heavily forested part of New Hampshire and contains some of the most magnificent
mountain scenery in the eastern United States. The average elevation of the
White Mountains in New Hampshire is from 760 to 1,200 m (2,500 to 4,000 ft).
However, Mount Washington, in a part of the White Mountains called the
Presidential Range, in north central New Hampshire, rises to 1,917 m (6,288 ft)
and is the highest mountain in New England. Eight other mountains in the
Presidential Range also have elevations of more than 1,500 m (5,000 ft). Deep
glacial valleys, or gorges, are common in the White Mountains. Among the most
famous of such valleys are Franconia Notch, Crawford Notch, and Tuckerman
Ravine. That part of the White Mountains in the extreme northern New Hampshire
is somewhat lower, with a maximum elevation of about 1,100 m (3,600 ft).
The New England Upland occupies most of
central and southern New Hampshire. It is a hilly or rolling region with an
average elevation of about 370 m (1,200 ft). However, a few isolated mountains
rise to more than 900 m (3,000 ft) in the south. These mountains, which consist
of rock that has resisted erosion more than the surrounding terrain, are called
monadnocks, after Mount Monadnock, which was formed in this way in
southern New Hampshire. The western edge of the New England Upland in New
Hampshire includes the valley of the Connecticut River, a level plain 8 km (5 m)
wide. The upland region in the state is also dotted with hundreds of lakes and
streams, most of which were formed by glaciers.
The Seaboard Lowland covers the
southeastern corner of the state. In this region the land slopes gently downward
to the ocean from about 150 m (500 ft) near the New England Upland. The Seaboard
Lowland is mostly level or gently rolling.
B | Rivers and Lakes |
The Connecticut and Merrimack river systems
drain most of the state. The Connecticut River rises in the Connecticut Lakes of
northern New Hampshire and flows southward for 400 km (250 mi) along the
Vermont-New Hampshire border before entering the state of Massachusetts. Its
main tributaries in New Hampshire are the Israel, Ammonoosuc, Mascoma, Sugar,
and Ashuelot rivers.
The Merrimack River is formed in central
New Hampshire by the junction of the Pemigewasset and the Winnipesaukee rivers.
The Merrimack’s largest tributaries are the Contoocook, Piscataquog, and
Souhegan rivers, all of which enter from the west, and the Suncook River, which
enters from the east. Other important rivers in New Hampshire are the
Androscoggin and the Saco, which rise in northern New Hampshire and flow through
Maine, and the Piscataqua and Salmon Falls rivers, which form part of the
boundary between Maine and New Hampshire.
New Hampshire has more than 1,300 lakes and
ponds. Its largest lake by far is the irregularly shaped Lake Winnipesaukee, in
east central New Hampshire, which is 186 sq km (72 sq mi) in size. Other large
natural lakes are Squam Lake, Newfound Lake, and Lake Sunapee.
C | Coastline |
New Hampshire’s short coastline on the
Atlantic is only 21 km (13 mi) long, but if all islands and inlets are included,
the shoreline is 211 km (131 mi) long. The largest inlet on the coast is the
estuary of the Piscataqua River, which forms the harbor of the city of
Portsmouth.
Among the few islands along the coast are
the Isles of Shoals 16 km (10 mi) southeast of Portsmouth. Three of these isles
belong to New Hampshire and the rest to Maine. Most of the coast is rocky, but
there are sandy beaches at Hampton, Rye, and Wallis Sands.
D | Climate |
New Hampshire has a humid continental short
summer climate, with cool summers and long cold winters. Some of the longest and
severest winters in the eastern United States occur in the Presidential Range of
north central New Hampshire. The highest wind velocity on record, 372 km/h (231
mph), was recorded on Mount Washington.
D1 | Temperature |
The coldest parts of the state are in the
White Mountains and the extreme north. Average January temperatures range from
about -11° C (about 12° F) along the Canadian border to about -3° C (about 26°
F) along the coast. July temperatures range from about 17° C (about 63° F) in
the mountains to about 21° C (about 70° F) in the south.
D2 | Precipitation |
Precipitation is evenly distributed
throughout the year over most of the state. However, the higher peaks of the
White Mountains have heavy rainfall during summer. For most of the state the
average annual precipitation is about 1,020 mm (about 40 in), although the White
Mountains receive about 1,170 mm (about 46 in). Heavy snowfalls are common in
winter.
D3 | Growing Season |
The growing season averages about 120
days throughout most of the state. Concord in the Merrimack River valley has a
growing season of about 150 days. However, the extreme north has less than 100
days.
E | Soils |
The soils of New Hampshire are typically
stony and relatively infertile, having formed in acid, loamy materials overlying
granite and schist bedrock. Soils classified as spodosols are common in northern
New Hampshire and at higher elevations, while inceptisols are prevalent in the
south. The valley soils are the most fertile and support productive agriculture,
particularly in the Connectitcut and Merrimack river valleys. The upland soils
support healthy hardwood forests throughout the state, with spruce and fir
becoming dominant in the north.
F | Plant Life |
Forests cover 84 percent of New
Hampshire’s land area. Maine is the only state with a greater percentage of
forested coverage. Northern New Hampshire and much of the White Mountains have
mostly evergreen forests of spruce and fir. The southern and central areas have
mixed forests, mainly of white pine, maple, and oak. The white birch is the
official state tree and is found throughout the state.
Among the many shrubs found in New
Hampshire are the American yew, pin cherry, red osier, mountain laurel,
hobblebush, and blueberry. There are hundreds of species of wildflowers in the
state. The most common include the wild aster, black-eyed Susan, oxeye, daisy,
hockweed, purple trillium, goldenrod, gentian, pink ladyslipper, buttercup, and
blue, white, and yellow violets.
G | Animal Life |
Most of New Hampshire’s wildlife is found
in the sparsely populated sections in the northern and central parts of the
state. The white-tailed deer is the most numerous of the large animals. Black
bears are fairly common, and moose are prevalent in the north. Smaller mammals
include the beaver, skunk, porcupine, fox, muskrat, mink, fisher, and bobcat.
Snowshoe hares, squirrels, mice, and shrews are numerous throughout most of the
state.
The state bird of New Hampshire is the
purple finch. Also found are the boreal chickadee, the black-capped chickadee,
red and white breasted nuthatches, the woodpecker, the hawk, the white-throated
sparrow, cardinal, pine siskin, brown creeper, and more than ten species of
warblers. Kingbirds, phoebes, meadowlarks, and sparrows inhabit farmland, and
whipporwills and flycatchers are found in the forests of the south. Birds
especially common in the winter include the horned lark, which is found on the
coast, and the northern shrike, pine and evening grosbeak, and snow
bunting.
Fish are abundant in the state’s rivers
and lakes. Brook trout are native to most spring-fed streams and ponds, and
rainbow and brown trout have been stocked in many of the larger lakes and
streams. Lake trout and landlocked salmon are found in the larger, deeper lakes,
and black bass, pickerel, and yellow and white perch are found in the warmer,
shallower ponds and lakes. The Atlantic salmon no longer run up New Hampshire’s
tidal rivers, blocked by the development of water-powered industry in the early
1800s. However, plans are underway to re-introduce the Atlantic salmon
runs.
H | Conservation |
The chief conservation activities in New
Hampshire are directed at forests and wildlife. Most of the conservation program
is administered by the state departments of environmental services, and fish and
game. Federal agencies that participate in conservation programs in the state
include the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Forest Service, and the Natural
Resources Conservation Service.
In 2006 New Hampshire had 20 hazardous
waste sites on a national priority list for cleanup due to their severity or
proximity to people. Between 1995 and 2000, the amount of toxic chemicals
discharged into the environment increased by 2 percent.
Among New Hampshire’s most serious
conservation problems is the overcutting of its forests. The destruction of
forests eliminates an important source of state revenue, impairs the natural
beauty of the landscape, destroys the habitat of many animals, and increases the
possibility of erosion and flood damage. For these reasons the state aids in the
preservation of forest areas by encouraging selective forest cutting through
special tax provisions.
III | ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES |
From colonial times until the early 19th
century, agriculture was the principal economic activity in New Hampshire.
However, as waterpower and transportation facilities developed, numerous small
factories moved into the state. From 1830 to the present the proportion of the
labor force engaged in agriculture has dropped from 83 percent to 2 percent. At
first textiles were the chief products of the state’s industries, but by the
late 1990s machinery, electronic equipment, and precision instruments had become
the principal manufactures. New Hampshire’s charm and numerous opportunities to
enjoy the outdoors draw people from throughout New England, and tourism has
become an important economic activity.
New Hampshire had a work force of 737,000
people in 2006. The largest share of the work force, 35 percent, was employed in
the diverse service sector, doing jobs such as working in restaurants or
programming computers. Another 22 percent worked in wholesale or retail trade;
12 percent in manufacturing; 15 percent in federal, state, or local government,
including those serving in the military; 16 percent in finance, insurance, or
real estate; 4 percent in construction; 22 percent in transportation or public
utilities; and 2 percent in farming (including agricultural services), forestry,
or fishing. Only 0.2 percent of the labor force worked in mining. In 2005, 10
percent of New Hampshire’s workers were members of labor unions.
A | Agriculture |
Because of poor soil, a short growing
season, and competition from more fertile regions, much of New Hampshire’s
former farmland has returned to forest land. Most farms are in the Connecticut
and Merrimack river valleys and the coastal lowlands.
In 2005 there were 3,400 farms in New
Hampshire. Some 26 percent had annual sales of more than $10,000. Most of the
rest were sidelines for operators who also held other jobs. Farmland occupied
182,109 hectares (450,000 acres), of which 29 percent was used to grow crops.
The rest is mostly woodlots and pasture.
The sale of dairy products accounts for
about one-third of the state’s total farm income. New Hampshire’s dairy industry
is concerned primarily with the production of fresh milk, both for local
consumption and for shipment to Massachusetts markets. Because of their high
productivity, New Hampshire’s dairy cattle are also sold, in embryo form, as
breeding stock throughout the world. Other livestock raised, particularly as a
sideline by dairy farmers, include beef cattle and hogs. Fresh eggs for market
are the most valuable poultry product. Chickens, cattle and calves, and turkeys
are also sold. New Hampshire farms derive 56 percent of their income from the
sale of livestock and livestock products.
The chief commercial crops raised in New
Hampshire are greenhouse and nursery products, Christmas trees, and apples. In
addition, various vegetables and forest products are sources of agricultural
income. Specialized nurseries, growing forest seedlings and flowers for the
Boston and New York City markets, are scattered throughout the state. Hay grown
to feed livestock is the chief field crop, and the leading vegetable produced is
sweet corn. Lumber cut from farm woodlots is sold. Many farmers supplement their
income by tapping the maple trees on their lands to produce maple syrup and
maple sugar.
B | Forestry and Fisheries |
The products of the forest were of major
importance to the regional economy during the colonial period, when New
Hampshire timber produced masts for British navy warships. Later, many of the
familiar Yankee clipper ships and the Concord stagecoaches used on the American
frontier were built with New Hampshire lumber. In recent years the local supply
of timber has gone into the manufacture of pulp and paper products, railroad
ties, furniture, and fence posts.
Most of the commercial forest land is
privately owned. Individual holdings are generally small, mostly less than about
80 hectares (about 200 acres). Some of these holdings were formerly unprofitable
farmlands. More than two-thirds of the timber consists of softwoods, including
pine, spruce, fir, and hemlock. In order to discourage indiscriminate cutting on
private land, the state collects no tax on timber until after it is cut.
Fishing plays only a minor part in the
state’s economy, with a catch worth $8.8 million in 2004. A small fishing fleet,
based at Portsmouth, brings in a catch of flounders and smelt. In addition,
lobsters, shrimp, and crabs are caught in the coastal waters.
C | Mining |
Although New Hampshire is known as the
Granite State, the production of granite and other minerals is a relatively
minor part of the state’s economy. New Hampshire ranks near the bottom among the
states in the value of its mineral production. Sand and gravel, which account
for two-thirds of the total output by value, are found in abundant quantities
throughout the state, most often in association with glacial kames, mounds of
material deposited by glacial meltwater. The second most valuable mineral is
crushed stone, particularly granite, which is quarried in almost all of New
Hampshire’s counties. In terms of end use by value, most of the state’s mineral
output is used in highway and building construction. Clays are also mined and a
few gemstones are collected.
D | Manufacturing |
For more than a century, New Hampshire
has relied on manufacturing as a major source of income and employment. The
state prides itself in providing a welcoming atmosphere for manufacturing. New
Hampshire does not tax personal income or sales, nor does it tax the inventory
and machinery of manufactures as in some states. The tax structure combined with
ready access to major New England markets has encouraged many manufacturers to
locate in the state.
During the 1970s and 1980s, the growth
and diversification of manufacturing in New Hampshire was promoted by the
development of industrial parks and state technical institutes.
A leading industry in terms of income
generated was the manufacture of industrial machinery. Included in this sector
is the making of computers and related products, bearings, and machinery for the
paper industry. Another important industry is the manufacture of electronic and
electrical equipment, including firms making printed circuit boards, electric
lamps, and semiconductors. The manufacture of precision instruments, another
high-ranking industry, includes industries making electricity-measuring devices,
search and navigation devices, instruments used in surgery, and optical
instruments and lenses. Other leading industries include the making of
fabricated metal products; the making of rubber and plastic items; food
processing; printing and publishing; and the manufacture of paper products.
Factories and mills in New Hampshire are
generally small. Manufacturing centers are concentrated along the river valleys
in the south, particularly in Hillsborough County. Berlin and several other
milling centers in Coos County have large pulp and paper industries. The
Portsmouth-Kittery Naval Shipyard, once an integral part of New Hampshire’s
economy, declined significantly in importance during the 1970s.
In addition to shipbuilding at
Portsmouth, which began during the colonial period, the earliest manufacturing
activities in New Hampshire were the production of linen, wool, and paper. An
abundance of waterpower and the state’s proximity to Eastern markets were major
reasons for the development of the factory system in New Hampshire. By 1804 the
state’s first carding and cotton mills were operating, and the wool and cotton
industry grew rapidly thereafter. The invention of the shoe-sewing machine in
1858 gave impetus to the leather industry, which, together with woolen and
cotton goods, dominated the economy of the state until the late 1940s.
In the second half of the 20th century
New Hampshire faced competition from Western states in leather and paper
production. The textile industry, which throughout the 19th century was the
state’s leading source of industrial income, declined rapidly following the
Great Depression of the 1930s. The Amoskeag Mills at Manchester, chartered in
1831 and once the largest cotton textile plant in the world, stopped operations
in the 1930s. Many other mills also closed down or moved to the South, where
labor costs were lower.
During the late 1900s the state made a
successful effort to diversify its economy. With the attraction of newer
industries, the emphasis shifted from shoes and textiles to metals and
machinery. The growth in manufacturing in New Hampshire was due largely to a big
influx of firms that manufacture electrical and electronic equipment, computers
and computer software, telecommunications equipment, and precision
instruments.
Manchester, New Hampshire’s largest city,
is now diversified in its industry, with factories that produce machinery and
electrical and electronic products. Nearby Concord specializes in the
electronics industry and printing. Nashua, the state’s second largest city, has
plants that manufacture machinery and telecommunications equipment. The
development of computer software is also a primary activity. The area around
Portsmouth and Dover has diversified its industry, which now includes the
manufacture of automobile parts and high-technology equipment. Other industrial
areas center on Keene, Claremont, Berlin, and Laconia.
E | Electricity |
The Seabrook nuclear power plant, located
south of Portsmouth, generates 40 percent of the electricity produced in New
Hampshire. The state’s sole nuclear facility began commercial operation in 1990.
Another 51 percent of the electricity is generated in plants burning fossil
fuels, primarily coal and oil. The rest comes from the 95 hydroelectric
generators, at dams that have harnessed New Hampshire’s rivers, and
co-generation plants, which are fueled by burning wood chips.
Two state-owned hydroelectric dams near
Pittsburg are leased to private power companies. They provide, in addition to
power, water-storage and recreation facilities at Lake Francis. Private utility
companies in both Vermont and New Hampshire operate several power dams on the
Connecticut River that also help to control floods. Among these are Wilder Dam,
which has created a lake for water sports, and Samuel C. Moore Dam, near
Littleton, which serves the largest hydroelectric power plant in New
England.
F | Tourist Industry |
New Hampshire has been a popular resort
area for summer vacationers since the late 19th century and for skiers since the
1930s. Since the 1950s improved highways and the expansion of public facilities
for camping and recreation have further stimulated tourism. Autumn is an
especially popular time to visit the state, for the colorful fall foliage. In
2002 travelers spent $2.7 billion in the state.
G | Transportation |
Colonial New Hampshire was slow to
develop its overland transportation routes. The early settlements were connected
only by a few trails and cart roads and a network of waterways. It was not until
1761 that regular stagecoach service was provided on a road from Portsmouth to
Boston. Beginning in the 1790s, numerous private turnpike companies were
chartered to build and operate toll roads. Somewhat expensive to maintain, these
roads were eventually turned over to the state. River navigation was improved by
the construction of canals on the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers.
The steamboat was soon replaced by the
railroad, which first appeared in 1838. By 1884 there were 1,960 km (1,218 mi)
of track in the state. In recent years much of the rail system has fallen into
disuse, and in 2004 New Hampshire had just 678 km (421 mi) of railroad track.
Some trains operate as sightseeing excursions for tourists, and a rare cog
railroad (which is propelled by cogs on a gear wheel pushing against crossbeams
in the track) takes passengers to the top of Mount Washington.
New Hampshire had 25,053 km (15,567 mi)
of public highway in 2005, of which 362 km (225 mi) was part of the federal
interstate highway system. There were 3 airports in the state in 2007, many of
which were private airfields. The largest airport is in Manchester, although
none of the state airports are considered busy by national standards.
IV | THE PEOPLE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE |
When European settlers first came to what is
now New Hampshire, they encountered many Algonquian Native Americans. As the
settlers took more and more land, most of the dispossessed Native Americans
withdrew to what was to become Canada. Only a small number of Native Americans
now reside in the state.
The early settlers were English, as were
those who migrated to New Hampshire from neighboring New England colonies. As
the towns prospered in the 18th century, the population greatly increased. In
1732, more than a century after the first settlement, there were only about
12,500 people in New Hampshire, but by 1790 the population had grown to 141,885.
By that time many Scots-Irish, as well as small groups of Dutch, German, and
French settlers, had reached New Hampshire. During the 19th century the great
westward migration drew many people away from New Hampshire. However, this
population loss was offset by a major influx of workers from Québec and Ireland.
Heavy immigration from at least 50 countries continued until the 1920s. New
Hampshire’s population also has been increased by an influx of people from other
states. In 2000 whites were 96 percent of the population, Asians were 1.3
percent, blacks were 0.7 percent, Native Americans were 0.2 percent, and those
of mixed race or not reporting ethnicity were 1.7 percent. Native Hawaiians and
other Pacific Islanders numbered 371 at the time of the census. Hispanics, who
may be of any race, constituted 1.7 percent of the population.
A | Population Patterns |
New Hampshire’s 2000 population was
1,235,786. In 2006 the state had an average population density of 57 persons per
sq km (147 per sq mi), but the population is concentrated in the cities and
towns in the south. Between 1990 and 2000, the population of New Hampshire grew
by 11.4 percent. In 2000, 59 percent of the state’s inhabitants were classified
as urban, one of the lowest rates among the states. Manchester, the state’s
largest city, had a population of 109,497 in 2006. Nashua, an industrial center
near the border with Massachusetts, had a population of 87,157. Concord, the
state capital, had 42,378 residents. Portsmouth, New Hampshire’s only seaport,
had a population of 20,618.
B | Religion |
The churches established by the early
Puritan settlers were forerunners of the modern Congregationalist churches.
While the denomination remains active, today the Methodists and Baptists are the
largest Protestant denominations. The Roman Catholic church, however, is the
largest religious group, with about two-fifths of all church members.
V | EDUCATION AND CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS |
A | Education |
Public education in New Hampshire was
established by law as early as 1647, when the colony was a part of
Massachusetts. Until 1919, schools were largely under local supervision, and
dependent on the town or district for financial support. Since that year public
education has been under the control of a state board of education, composed of
seven members appointed for five-year terms by the governor. Education is
compulsory for all children aged 6 to 16. Private schools enroll 11 percent of
the state’s children.
In the 2002–2003 school year New Hampshire
spent $9,802 on each student’s education, compared to the national average of
$9,299. There were 13.7 students for every teacher (the national average was
15.9 students). Of those older than 25 years of age in 2006, 89.9 percent had a
high school diploma, while the country as a whole averaged 84.1 percent.
A1 | Higher Education |
In 2004–2005 New Hampshire had 9 public
and 17 private institutions of higher education. The oldest and best known is
Dartmouth College, at Hanover, which received its charter from King George III
of Great Britain in 1769. The University of New Hampshire, the state’s
land-grant university established in 1866, has its central campus at Durham.
There are state colleges at Keene and Plymouth. The state also maintains
two-year colleges. Other noted institutions include Saint Anselm College and New
Hampshire College, in Manchester; Colby-Sawyer College, in New London; and
Franklin Pierce College, in Rindge.
B | Libraries |
New Hampshire pioneered in the
establishment of public libraries. Probably the first free public library in the
United States was that established in Peterborough in 1833. In 2002 the state
had 230 tax-supported libraries, and free libraries are found in all but a few
tiny towns. The State Library in Concord provides a variety of support services
to local libraries. Each year the libraries circulate an average of 7.3 books
for every resident.
The Baker Library at Dartmouth College
contains a collection of original manuscripts of works by Robert Burns, Joseph
Conrad, Herman Melville, and other distinguished literary figures. In the
library are murals by the noted Mexican painter José Clemente Orozco. Other
outstanding libraries are the University of New Hampshire Library in Durham and
the library of the New Hampshire Historical Society in Concord.
C | Museums |
Two of the state’s leading art galleries
are the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth College and the Currier Gallery of Art
in Manchester. Both have fine permanent collections as well as special periodic
exhibitions. Other notable galleries include the Lamont Gallery at Phillips
Exeter Academy in Exeter, the Art Gallery at the University of New Hampshire in
Durham, and the Thorne-Sagendorph Art Gallery at Keene State College. The museum
of the New Hampshire Historical Society houses period rooms and art objects. The
League of New Hampshire Craftsmen is a statewide organization that promotes
handicrafts through a teaching program as well as through the shops it operates
in various parts of the state and the gallery at its headquarters in Concord.
The Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site in Cornish features the home, gardens,
and studios of the sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens.
The MacDowell Colony at Peterborough, named
for the noted American composer Edward MacDowell, is a special haven for artists
in all creative fields. This colony was originally MacDowell’s summer home.
D | Communications |
The New Hampshire Gazette, the
state’s first newspaper, was published in Portsmouth in 1756 and is now part of
the Portsmouth Herald. In 2002 New Hampshire had 10 daily
newspapers. Influential newspapers included the Union Leader of
Manchester, the Telegraph of Nashua, the Concord Monitor,
and Foster’s Daily Democrat of Dover. An important 20th-century New
Hampshire journalist was William Loeb, publisher of the Union
Leader.
New Hampshire’s first radio station, WLNH
in Laconia, was licensed in 1922. WMUR-TV in Manchester, New Hampshire’s first
commercial television station, began operations in 1954. In 2002 the state had
25 AM and 43 FM radio stations and 6 television stations.
E | Music and Theater |
Among a number of theaters that operate in
the state, some under university auspices, are those at Paul Creative Arts
Center at the University of New Hampshire, Hopkins Center on the Dartmouth
campus, and Silver Cultural Arts Center at Plymouth State College. Other
theaters are modest local enterprises operating in barns and village playhouses.
The New Hampshire Music Festival presents symphony and choral concerts at
Gilford and Plymouth during the summer.
VI | RECREATION AND PLACES OF INTEREST |
The rugged White Mountains, the many
woodland lakes and scenic splendors, and the cool summers bring many visitors to
New Hampshire. The attractions include hunting, camping, hiking, and mountain
climbing in the summer and fall; swimming and boating in summer; skiing and
snowmobiling in winter; and local theater and music programs.
One of the most famous New Hampshire sights
was the “Old Man of the Mountain,” a striking rock formation resembling a human
face on Profile Mountain. However, the rocks that formed the profile collapsed
in a rock slide in 2003. Remaining scenic features of Franconia Notch include
the Flume, a spectacular gorge, and the Basin, a deep glacial pothole. Also in
the White Mountains are the glacial caverns of Lost River, near North Woodstock,
and the view from the top of Mount Washington, New England’s highest mountain. A
cog railway and a toll road allow access to a visitor’s center at the summit.
The larger lakes of New Hampshire all have well-developed resorts with excellent
boating and water-skiing facilities. Weirs Beach, on Lake Winnipesaukee near
Laconia, is one of the better-known inland resorts. Hampton Beach is New
Hampshire’s most popular seaside resort.
New Hampshire has many major ski areas. Many
large ski lifts and gondolas operate during the summer for sightseers and
picnickers. These lifts include those at Mount Sunapee State Park; Loon
Mountain, near North Woodstock; and the aerial tramway at Cannon Mountain, near
Easton.
A | National Forests |
The White Mountain National Forest covers
292,000 hectares (721,000 acres) of northeastern New Hampshire with hardwood
forests and the largest alpine area east of the Rocky Mountains and south of
Canada. Some of the state’s most popular sites are located in the forest, which
also contains five national wilderness areas: the Caribou-Speckled, Great Gulf,
Presidential Range-Dry River, Pemigewasset, and Sandwich Range. The Appalachian
National Scenic Trail, which travels nearly the length of the Eastern United
States, traverses the White Mountains.
B | State Parks |
New Hampshire has 42 state parks. Among
them are popular year round sites that include camping, hiking, boating, fishing
and other recreational opportunities, such as those at Mount Sunapee, Pillsbury,
Hampton Beach, and Sculptured Rocks Natural Area. Bear Brook State Park provides
recreation as well as a museum, a nature center and an historic meeting
house.
C | Other Places to Visit |
Throughout New Hampshire the visitor will
find well-preserved 18th-century towns, many of which still have white wooden
churches, public greens or commons, and early homes. Some of the historic sites
in the state include the Franklin Pierce Homestead in Hillsboro, the birthplace
of Daniel Webster near Franklin, the Wentworth-Coolidge Mansion near Portsmouth,
which was the residence of New Hampshire’s royal governor, and the Robert Frost
farm at Derry. Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site preserves the home and
studio in Cornish of Augustus Saint-Gaudens, one of the country’s noted
sculptors. Strawbery Banke, at Portsmouth, is a restored maritime community
dating from the 1630s. New Hampshire has 53 covered bridges dating from the 19th
century.
D | Annual Events |
New Hampshire has several winter carnivals
in January and February, the most famous being the one at Dartmouth College,
where elaborate ice sculptures are featured. Music festivals are another popular
diversion in New Hampshire, including the All-State Music Festival, in April;
the annual Stark Fiddlers’ Contest, in June; and the Pemi Valley Bluegrass
Festival, in Campton each August. The state’s crafts are featured during the
Sheep and Wool Festival, held each May in New Boston, and the League of New
Hampshire Craftsmen’s crafts fair, which takes place at Mount Sunapee in August.
In September the Highland Games are competed at Loon Mountain in Lincoln, horse
races are held at Rockingham Park in Salem in both spring and fall, and antique
and classic automobiles are featured at the Fall Foliage Tour each October in
Charlestown.
VII | GOVERNMENT |
New Hampshire’s present constitution, its
second, was enacted in 1784 and is older than that of any other state except
Massachusetts and even older, by five years, than the United States
Constitution. Amendments to the constitution may be proposed either by a
convention or by a three-fifths majority in each house of the legislature and to
be adopted must be approved by two-thirds of the electorate voting on the
question.
New Hampshire is the only state with
neither a general sales tax nor a state income tax. When increased revenues have
been needed, the state has increased specific sales taxes, such as those on
rooms and meals, or taxes on business profits.
A | Executive |
The governor of New Hampshire is elected
to two-year terms and may be reelected any number of times. The Executive
Council, an institution that dates back to the colonial period and is used only
by New Hampshire and Massachusetts, has veto power over the governor in most
matters. The five-member council is elected by the people. The governor cannot
approve expenditures or make appointments without council agreement. While most
administrative leaders are appointed by the governor, subject to the council’s
approval, the secretary of state and state treasurer are elected by the General
Court.
B | Legislative |
New Hampshire’s legislature, known as the
General Court, consists of a 24-member Senate and a House of Representatives of
400 members. The 400-member house is the largest state legislative body in the
Union. Both senate and house members are elected to two-year terms.
C | Judicial |
New Hampshire has a Supreme Court
consisting of a chief justice and four associate justices. The Superior Court is
made up of a chief justice and associate justices. The state also has district
courts and a number of municipal and probate courts. All judges are appointed by
the governor.
D | Local Government |
Each of New Hampshire’s ten counties
elects a sheriff, county attorney, treasurer, register of deeds, register of
probate, and three commissioners, all for two-year terms. The state is also
divided into cities, towns, and unincorporated places. Cities are governed under
the city manager or strong mayor form of government. Most towns have annual town
meetings at which selectmen are elected to manage town affairs. County
government is secondary in importance to town governments.
E | National Representation |
New Hampshire sends two senators and two
representatives to the Congress of the United States. This gives the state a
total of four electoral votes.
VIII | HISTORY |
A | Native Americans |
Four principal groups of
Algonquian-speaking native peoples inhabited New Hampshire just before European
settlement. By far the largest was the Pennacook, the name given both to the
tribe centered in the Merrimack River Valley near the present site of Concord
and to a larger association consisting of the central tribe and several smaller
bands stretching north and south in the Merrimack Valley. The Pennacook lived in
villages surrounded by cultivated fields, living by agriculture and hunting
during much of the year but moving to the seacoast for fishing and gathering
shellfish during the summer.
Other groups, also of the Algonquian
culture, included the Sokokis north of the White Mountains, whose hunting
grounds extended into what is now western Maine; a westward extension of the
Maine-based Abenaki, known as the Pigwackets, in the upper Saco Valley on the
southeastern edge of the White Mountains; and the Pocumtucks of western
Massachusetts, whose hunting grounds extended into the lower Connecticut Valley
of New Hampshire.
Because the native peoples had no
written language and early contact with Europeans was limited, information about
the native inhabitants is scarce and sometimes confusing. The total native
population of the New Hampshire area was estimated at more than 12,000, but
their numbers were sharply reduced in the early 1600s by warfare with the Mohawk
people to the west and by epidemics that swept New England.
The native people lived cooperatively
with the early European settlers, whose numbers were too small to pose a threat.
The native groups taught the whites many skills that were essential to their
survival: how to cultivate corn, tap maple trees for syrup, make canoes and many
kinds of garments, and to locate the best trails. The Native Americans, in turn,
sought to trade with the settlers for metal tools and utensils, blankets, and
weapons, both for hunting and for resisting Mohawk attacks.
B | Exploration and Settlement |
The first white people to visit New
Hampshire may have been Norse seafarers in the 11th century, or Europeans who
fished in North American waters in the 15th century. However, the first recorded
visit to New Hampshire was made in 1603, when an English sea captain, Martin
Pring, explored the shoreline and ventured a short way into the interior. He
wrote enthusiastically of the abundance of wildlife in the area around
present-day Portsmouth. Pring was followed in 1605 by the French explorer Samuel
de Champlain, who mapped the New England coastline. In 1614 Captain John Smith
repeated the process for the English.
The first settlements in New Hampshire
were made in 1623. David Thomson, a Scotsman, arrived in the spring at Odiorne’s
Point, in the present town of Rye, with a few settlers. Farms were established,
and Thomson began fishing operations and set up a trading post. A few years
later, Edward Hilton arrived from London and made a settlement at Dover. In 1626
Thomson left for what is now Boston, Massachusetts, and any settlers who
remained at Odiorne’s Point were probably drawn to Strawbery Banke (later
Portsmouth), settled in about 1630. In 1638 Exeter and Hampton were settled.
Dover, Portsmouth, Exeter, and Hampton were the only permanent settlements in
New Hampshire until 1673, when Dunstable, Massachusetts, was founded. Part of
Dunstable became Nashua, New Hampshire, when the boundary between the two
provinces was drawn in 1741, dividing several towns.
C | Early Land Grants |
Land titles in early New Hampshire were
confused because several conflicting grants were made. In 1622 two Englishmen,
Captain John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, received a grant from the Council
for New England (formerly the Plymouth Company) for the land between the
Merrimack and Kennebec rivers. Smaller grants were also made, including one to
David Thomson for his settlement at Odiorne’s Point. Edward Hilton, who
established the settlement at Dover, did not receive a grant at this time, but
was given legal standing in 1631. In 1629 Gorges and Mason divided their joint
holding at the Piscataqua River. Gorges called his part, to the east of the
Piscataqua, the province of Maine; Mason named his New Hampshire after the
English county of Hampshire that had been his home. After Mason died in 1635,
his heirs in England neglected his holdings, allowing others to occupy land that
was part of his grant. When Mason’s grandson finally pressed his claim to the
territory in 1660, a dispute erupted over land titles that dominated the
political life of the province for decades. The so-called Masonian controversy
was not finally resolved until 1746.
D | Early Government |
After Mason’s death, the four New
Hampshire towns faced a period of political uncertainty. Massachusetts began to
claim southern New Hampshire in about 1638. The English Revolution (1640-1660),
which overthrew the monarchy and created years of turmoil in England, left the
colony without a definite central authority. From the early 1640s until 1679,
the New Hampshire towns placed themselves under the protection of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony. During this time few new settlements were created, and
only one important exploration was undertaken, which led to the discovery of the
White Mountains.
After the restoration of the English
monarchy in 1660, Robert T. Mason sought the return of the lands he had
inherited from his grandfather, John. As a result, New Hampshire was detached
from Massachusetts and was made a royal province. The new charter, effective on
January 1, 1680, provided for a president and a council, selected by the king,
and for an assembly chosen by voters of the province. But political instability
continued in the province, and New Hampshire was again under Massachusetts
protection from 1689 to 1692. At that time it once again became separate, but
the two colonies shared the same royal governor until 1741.
During this period there was bitter
rivalry between the two colonies over jurisdiction in disputed lands.
Massachusetts continued to make grants of lands in parts of what was later
judged to be New Hampshire, and these grants often conflicted with those made by
New Hampshire. New Hampshire petitioned the king for a final settlement of its
boundaries to the east and south with Massachusetts. In 1741 New Hampshire won a
favorable decision, gaining more territory and its own royal governor,
independent of Massachusetts.
E | Colonial Economy |
Agriculture became the mainstay of
colonial New Hampshire in the 18th century, but fur trading and fishing were
profitable enterprises for the early settlers, with most of the catch being
exported. Local crafts soon developed; Portsmouth had skilled cabinetmakers, and
other towns specialized in making iron products, bricks, clocks, or pewter
ware.
Lumbering and shipbuilding soon became
important operations in 17th century New Hampshire. Boards, staves, and masts
were shipped to England. Shipbuilding and the mast trade centered in Portsmouth,
which developed into an important commercial town of colonial America. New
Hampshire white pine, particularly suitable for ships’ masts, became especially
important to the English navy. In winter a representative of the king marked
trees destined to be made into masts; the trees were cut, hauled over the snow
to the river, and floated to the sea. The term “mast road” is still used in New
Hampshire for the part of several modern thoroughfares that were once trails
along which the masts were dragged. New Hampshire’s economy expanded in the
early 18th century by the introduction of potato cultivation and linen-making by
the Scots-Irish. These settlers were descendants of Scottish people who
emigrated to northern Ireland, then came to the colony to escape poverty and
religious persecution in the British Isles.
F | Religion |
The earliest settlements on the
Piscataqua River were prompted by commercial motives. Religion was not an issue,
as it was in the Puritan settlements of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. Most of
the earliest arrivals probably professed some form of attachment to the Church
of England; the earliest designation of church lands in Portsmouth was based on
that assumption, though little evidence exists that Anglicanism was actively
practiced. However, the original settlers were soon outnumbered by new arrivals
from Massachusetts, almost all of them Puritans of some type. Some of these
newcomers were exiles from the Bay Colony, because they did not conform to its
narrow theological and moral standards. Both Exeter and Hampton, for example,
were founded by Puritan ministers who for different reasons were not welcome in
Puritan Massachusetts. New Hampshire’s religious laws during its provincial
period were modeled after those of Massachusetts but tended to be somewhat less
restrictive and not as actively enforced. The one religious group that did face
severe persecution in New Hampshire was the Quakers, who had formed a
congregation, or meeting, in Dover.
Influential Portsmouth residents
established an Anglican church in 1732, in an attempt to win royal favor.
Queen’s Chapel was served by a missionary of the Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel in Foreign Parts, an organization affiliated with the Anglican
church. This church offered a fashionable alternative to the prevailing Puritan
Congregationalism and a place of refuge for those alienated by the religious
controversies of the Great Awakening, the revival of evangelical religion that
swept the colonies in the 1740s. Two more Anglican congregations were
established in the 1760s, one in Claremont and one in Holderness. In most towns,
the established, tax-supported church was Congregational or, in the case of a
few Scots-Irish towns, Presbyterian.
G | Indian Wars |
For 50 years the settlers and Native
Americans in New Hampshire maintained friendly relations. Even when most of New
England was involved in King Philip’s War (1675-1676) between settlers and
native people led by the Wampanoag chief Philip, New Hampshire native groups
tried to remain neutral. But as white settlements increased, so did tensions.
The Europeans introduced livestock that often ruined crops in the Native
Americans’ fields, and disputes arose over access to traditional hunting and
fishing grounds.
These conflicts turned to bloodshed from
1689 to 1760, when New Hampshire became a battleground between France and
England in their struggle for control of North America. During a series of wars,
the European powers formed alliances with rival native groups. The
Algonquian-speaking native people of New Hampshire, increasingly displaced from
their lands by English settlers, fought with the French against the English
settlers and the Iroquois, the Algonquian peoples’ traditional enemy.
For New Hampshire, by far the most
destructive raids of the wars occurred in King William’s War (1689-1697). Native
people attacked settlements at Cocheco River in Dover and Oyster River (later
Durham) in 1689, burning houses, killing more than 20 settlers in each raid, and
taking many more captive. The constant threat of attack during this period and
during Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) affected every aspect of life for New
Hampshire settlers. Expansion into new areas all but stopped, food production
dropped, and nearly every white family suffered a loss; almost 300 settlers were
killed.
White settlers responded by burning
native crops and villages and offering a bounty on natives’ scalps. After
several attacks by colonists in the 1720s, including an incident known as
Lovewell’s War, most of the surviving native peoples moved out of the New
Hampshire region.
H | Expansion |
Toward the end of this period of
warfare, the wilderness of New Hampshire was opened to settlement. Hundreds of
large tracts of land were sold under Benning Wentworth, who became the first
royal governor of New Hampshire in 1741. Other land grants were made by the
Masonian Proprietors, who in the mid-1740s had purchased the rights to Mason’s
lands from his heirs. During lulls in the hostilities between 1713 and 1740,
many new farms and towns were established in New Hampshire. New Hampshire saw an
unprecedented surge in new settlement just before and after 1763, when the
French and Indian War ended with a British victory. Dozens of new townships were
established, both east of the Connecticut River and to the west in what is now
Vermont, a disputed territory that was also claimed by New York. Land was
purchased by immigrants planning to settle and speculators hoping to profit from
a quick resale.
New York won its claim to the lands
west of the Connecticut River in 1764, when the king fixed New Hampshire’s
western border as the river’s west bank. The disputed territory, known as the
New Hampshire Grants, later became Vermont.
Wentworth was succeeded by his nephew,
John Wentworth, in 1767. The new governor directed the building of roads to the
interior to help the many new towns develop. Other public projects were
undertaken, and trade opportunities were expanded. John Wentworth was also
influential in founding Dartmouth College in 1769. The colony’s justice system
was divided into five counties to make it more accessible to the people of the
interior. The governor established a strong militia. Although Wentworth opposed
the British taxes that the colonists hated so bitterly, he remained loyal to
Great Britain. When the American Revolution broke out in 1775, he was forced to
leave.
I | American Revolution |
Revolutionary actions began in New
Hampshire as early as December 1774, when rebels led by John Langdon and John
Sullivan raided the armory at Fort William and Mary in New Castle and carried
off military stores. Soon afterward, the governor was forced from the colony and
a revolutionary New Hampshire congress took over the government. In January 1776
the congress adopted a provisional constitution. On June 15, three weeks before
the Declaration of Independence by the Second Continental Congress, the
legislature established by the provisional constitution declared New Hampshire
independent of Great Britain. The constitution, which remained in effect until
1784, established a bicameral legislature and an executive body, called a
committee of safety, chosen from the legislature.
Although no battles of the revolution
were fought on New Hampshire soil, the state played a key role in the struggle
for independence. New Hampshire Minutemen rushed to support the rebels of
Massachusetts after the battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775. New Hampshire
provided three regiments for the Continental Army, and also contributed such
prominent military leaders as John Stark and John Sullivan. In August 1777
General Stark commanded an American force that defeated the British at the
Battle of Bennington in Vermont. Portsmouth was an important port from which
about 100 privateers—privately owned armed vessels helping the colonies—attacked
British ships. In addition, Portsmouth shipyards built some vessels for the
Continental navy. Years after the war Stark wrote a toast for a reunion of
soldiers from the Battle of Bennington that became the state’s motto: “Live Free
or Die.”
J | Post-Revolutionary Development |
After the revolution, New Hampshire was
confronted with heavy debts. In 1786 the legislature refused to issue paper
currency to reduce the state’s indebtedness. But while the legislature was in
session in Exeter it was confronted by an armed body of men who favored issuing
paper money. The war hero John Sullivan, then chief executive, or president, of
the state, dispersed the mob without bloodshed. The legislature soon turned to a
more difficult problem, the ratification of the Constitution of the United
States. After much controversy, in June 1788 New Hampshire became the ninth and
deciding state to ratify the Constitution.
By the start of the 19th century the
New Hampshire economy had recovered from the war and was prospering. Farming,
commerce, fishing, and lumbering were the main occupations, and manufacturing
also began. Cotton goods were first produced in the state in 1804, and the
opening of the Amoskeag Canal in 1806 spurred growth in manufacturing in
Manchester. Economic expansion brought more people to the interior. New
Hampshire’s shoe industry began in 1823 in Weare. Concord became famous for
making wagons and stagecoaches. Abundant water power and the development of
railroads helped create several industrial centers. These included Manchester,
Portsmouth, Nashua, Concord, and Dover, all of which were incorporated as cities
between 1846 and 1855.
The gradual movement of population to
the interior of the state was reflected in a shift of the capital. The state
legislature had met a few times in Portsmouth after framing its constitution in
1776, but the majority of meetings were in Exeter, with a few meetings in Dover,
Amherst, Hopkinton, and Concord. The legislature never formally adopted a place
for the state capital, but began meeting regularly in Concord as early as 1808
and voted to build the statehouse there in 1816.
K | Politics |
In the early years of the new state,
New Hampshire supported the Federalist Party. By 1816, however, control of state
politics had passed to the Democratic-Republican Party, which with its
successor, the Democratic Party, maintained its dominance until the mid-1850s.
In 1852 Franklin Pierce, a Democrat, became the first New Hampshire native to be
elected president of the United States. Political turmoil in the 1850s over
slavery finally led to the fall of the state Democratic Party.
In 1853 opponents of slavery met at
Exeter to form the Republican Party in the state. In early 1860 the Republicans
invited Abraham Lincoln, whose son was a student at Phillips Exeter Academy, to
come to the state for speaking engagements. Lincoln accepted and spoke there
four times in March. He met with great acclaim, and during his stay in New
Hampshire the Lincoln-for-President campaign started. In the 1860 presidential
election, New Hampshire voted overwhelmingly for Lincoln. For the next 100 years
it remained largely Republican.
L | The Post-Civil War Economy |
During the Civil War (1861-1865) the
population of New Hampshire decreased, and for several years after the war the
population increased very little. A large number of farmers left to take
advantage of government grants of land in the West, where the soil was much
richer and more easily tillable than it was in the hilly agricultural regions of
New Hampshire. As farming declined, water-powered manufacturing continued to
develop. By the end of the century the state was a leading national producer of
shoes, textiles, and wood products. Six more cities were incorporated between
1873 and 1897, and much of the remaining rural population moved to the
cities.
Throughout this period and into the
20th century, French-Canadian immigrants and others from Ireland, Poland, and
Greece came into the state, providing inexpensive labor for expanding
industries. By 1910 New Hampshire was primarily an industrial and urbanized
state, with more than half of the total population living in cities. The
Amoskeag textile complex in Manchester had become the largest such operation in
the world. Meanwhile, elegant hotels brought wealthy city-dwellers from Boston
and New York to the White Mountains, making tourism a major source of wealth for
the state.
M | Big Business and the Progressive Era |
New Hampshire’s industrial expansion,
as in the United States generally, brought new prosperity but also a shift in
the relative power of public and private interests. With increasing frequency,
mills and factories in New Hampshire were controlled by out-of-state owners who
could use their wealth and influence to secure favorable legislation and
regulatory decisions. Among the most powerful business interests in the late
1800s was the Boston and Maine Railroad, which dominated the legislature and
courts that were supposed to regulate it. As a result, taxes assessed on
railroad property were very low and there was little regulation of fares. The
railroad won cooperation and silenced opponents by handing out valuable free
passes. By 1900 the Boston and Maine, having swallowed its weaker competition,
controlled more than 95 percent of the railroad tracks in New Hampshire.
The turn of the 20th century marked the
rise, in New Hampshire and elsewhere in the United States, of progressive
movements dedicated to curbing abuses by governments and industry and to
improving the lives of workers, immigrants, the poor, and other groups. In New
Hampshire, a group within the Republican Party, including Senator William E.
Chandler, Governor John McLane, the American author Winston Churchill, and
Robert P. Bass, began working to break the railroad’s grip on state politics. In
1909 they succeeded in passing a law establishing direct primary elections,
which let voters rather than party bosses choose candidates. In 1910 Bass ran
for governor in the state’s first direct primary election for that office. His
victory effectively ended the railroad’s control. Legislation followed to
regulate businesses and protect the health and welfare of workers. The state’s
Republican Party remained dominant, but it split—as did the national party at
the time—into progressive and conservative wings (see Progressive
Party).
A conservation movement developed at
about the same time and led to the founding in 1901 of the Society for the
Protection of New Hampshire Forests, an influential educational organization.
This conservation movement also led to the creation of the White Mountain
National Forest, the first in the nation, in 1911.
N | From World War I to World War II |
The liberal tendencies of the
Progressive Era continued through World War I (1914-1918). But afterward, those
attitudes were replaced by a strong prejudice against immigrants and
anti-Communist hysteria, which followed the Bolshevik revolution in Russia.
Caught up in the “red scare,” New Hampshire in 1919 passed an anti-Bolshevik
law. In 1920 federal agents raided eight New Hampshire communities where Slavic
immigrants had settled, in the most extensive of a group of raids aimed at
rounding up and deporting presumably dangerous aliens. Almost none of the 250
New Hampshire residents arrested proved to be dangerous enough to deport.
Hard economic times followed the war’s
end. The textile industry, hurt by competition from the South, declined,
resulting in serious labor disputes and finally the permanent closing of the
great Amoskeag complex in 1936. Smaller mills around the state either cut back
their operations drastically or shut down completely until a temporary revival
during World War II (1939-1945).
The progressive tradition revived
briefly in the mid-1920s and again in the early 1930s under Governor John G.
Winant, who advocated workers’ compensation and pension laws, a shortened work
week, and forest conservation. During the Great Depression, the economic hard
times of the 1930s, Winant instituted a number of state-based programs to
supplement the measures of the New Deal, President Franklin Roosevelt’s program
to overcome the depression. Winant eventually switched to the Democratic Party
and served in the Roosevelt administration, finally as ambassador to the United
Kingdom during World War II.
New Hampshire, like the nation at
large, emerged from the Great Depression because of the heavy demands on
industry caused by World War II. The sagging textile, leather and shoe, and
lumber and paper industries revived temporarily. The war brought dramatic new
activity to the Portsmouth Navy Yard, which launched 82 submarines from 1940 to
1945. Shipyard employment grew from 3,500 workers in 1939 to 20,500 in 1940.
About 60,000 New Hampshire men and women served in the armed forces during the
war, of whom about 1,600 died.
O | Economic Development Since 1945 |
New Hampshire’s largest industries
since the mid-19th century, textiles and shoes, began their final decline after
the war was over. State and local governments, however, along with new state and
community-based industrial development foundations, moved aggressively to fill
the gap. Tourism received a boost from vigorous state-financed promotion and the
completion of a second state ski area at Mount Sunapee in 1948. The New
Hampshire Turnpike opened in 1950, later supplemented by two other high-speed
highways. The New Hampshire congressional delegation lobbied vigorously for
construction of Pease Air Force Base, which began in 1951.
Nearly 1,000 new businesses
incorporated in the state between 1951 and 1955, creating a highly diversified
manufacturing industry, including electronics and precision-tool making. These
new businesses supplemented the lumber and paper industries and the growing
tourism trade as mainstays of the state’s economy.
P | Political Development |
In 1952 New Hampshire introduced the
first-in-the-nation presidential preference primary. Since then, presidential
candidates campaigning for votes attract tremendous attention to New Hampshire
every four years, out of proportion to the state’s numbers and fundamental
political importance. The political life of New Hampshire since World War II has
been shaped by several powerful figures and trends. One of the major influences
on public opinion in the state was William Loeb, an eccentric, right-wing
publisher. From 1946 until his death in 1981, Loeb owned the Manchester
Union-Leader, the only newspaper to circulate statewide, and used it to
editorialize against any sales or income tax. He was also known for his attacks
on people and issues he considered liberal.
A staunch tradition of opposition to
taxes has remained a matter both of pride and deeply held political principle in
state government since the 1950s. In the early 21st century New Hampshire was
the only state in the nation without a broad-based income tax or a general sales
tax. Supporting that tradition helped Republican Steve Merrill win the election
for governor in 1992 and 1994. In 1996 New Hampshire voters elected state
senator Jeanne Shaheen as governor. She became the first female governor in the
state’s history and the first Democrat to hold that office since 1982. She was
reelected in 1998 and 2000. In 2002 Republican Craig Benson, an entrepreneur,
was elected governor. Democrat John Lynch was elected governor in the November
2004 elections.
The lack of statewide taxes has left
New Hampshire schools heavily dependent on local property taxes. In the 1990s
several property-poor school districts sued the state, demanding adequate and
equitable funding. In 1996 the Merrimack County Superior Court ruled in favor of
the state. The school districts appealed the case to the state Supreme Court,
which ruled in 1997 that the state’s extreme reliance on land taxes to finance
public education was unconstitutional because it resulted in large disparities
in funding among school districts. The court gave the state until April 1, 1999,
to develop new methods of financing education, but opposition to an income tax
and other statewide funding measures continued, and the date passed with no
legislative action on the matter. Legislators finally passed a school-funding
bill in late April 1999 that relied primarily on new statewide property taxes to
be phased in over a five-year period.
The state’s population has grown
dramatically, from 533,000 in 1950 to more than 1 million in 1990 and 1,315,828
in 2007. Much of the growth came as businesses and workers moved from
Massachusetts across the border into the lower Merrimack Valley. The mixture of
this new, more affluent population with the more rural, traditionally “Yankee”
residents has caused some strain within and between communities, especially over
public issues such as taxation, educational policies, and environmental concerns
in industrial development. In the early 1990s tensions were intensified by some
renewed economic difficulties, including the closing of Pease Air Force Base in
1990. After the base closed, efforts were undertaken to redevelop the facility
with nonmilitary businesses. By 1996 those efforts had begun to show significant
success.
Long a Republican stronghold, New
Hampshire joined the national shift toward the Democratic Party in 2006 midterm
elections. Democrats took both of the state’s seats in the U.S. House of
Representatives from incumbent Republicans, and voters reelected Lynch, the
popular Democratic governor. For the first time since the 1920s, Democrats took
control of both houses of the state legislature. Not since the 1870s had the
governor’s office and both houses of the state legislature been in Democratic
hands. Republicans still occupied both seats in the U.S. Senate, however.
In April 2007 New Hampshire became the
fourth state to allow civil unions between same-sex couples. The measure
attempted to ensure that homosexual couples in civil unions enjoy the same
rights and benefits accorded to heterosexual married couples.
The history section of this article was
contributed by Charles E. Clark. The remainder of the article was contributed by
Mark J. Okrant.
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