Hosni Mubarak
Hosni Mubarak, born in
1928, military leader and president of Egypt (1981- ).
He was born in Kafr-al Meselha, the son of an inspector of
the Ministry of Justice. Mubarak was educated at Egypt's national Military
Academy and Air Force Academy and at the Frunze General Staff Academy in Moscow.
Under Egyptian president Anwar al-Sadat, Mubarak served in a number of military
posts, including deputy minister of war from 1972 to 1975; in 1975, he became
vice president.
After Sadat was assassinated on October 6, 1981, Mubarak
became president. He instituted a vigorous economic recovery program; remained
committed to the peace treaty with Israel (signed in 1979); mended relations
with other Arab states, which were damaged after Egypt's peace with Israel; and
initiated a policy he called “positive neutrality” toward the great powers. He
was reelected when his National Democratic Party won the October 1987 elections
and was thus able to nominate him as the sole candidate for president.
With serious economic problems and rising Islamic
fundamental opposition at home, Mubarak continued to seek an end to the
stalemate that had developed between Israel and Arab nations; in 1988 he visited
the United States for talks on that subject. Mubarak supported the 1990 United
Nations (UN) sanctions against Iraq when that country invaded Kuwait,
orchestrated Arab League opposition to the invasion, committed about 38,500
troops to the anti-Iraq coalition in the Persian Gulf War (1991), and supported
postwar efforts to achieve peace in the Middle East.
Reelected in 1993, Mubarak cracked down on Muslim
fundamentalist opposition groups after an upsurge in guerrilla violence by
Islamic extremists. Mubarak survived an assassination attempt unharmed in June
1995 in the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa. Five of the assailants were killed
during or after the ambush and three escaped to Sudan, which is widely believed
to have sponsored the attack. In November 1995, just before parliamentary
elections, Mubarak's government accused the Muslim Brotherhood of helping
violent Islamic groups. Many of the Muslim Brotherhood's members were arrested,
and several who planned to run in the elections or monitor them were tried and
sentenced to prison. Critics accused the government of trying to eliminate even
peaceful opponents. In the elections that followed, Mubarak's National
Democratic Party won an overwhelming victory. Mubarak was elected to a fourth
six-year term in 1999.
During the early 2000s Mubarak continued his policies of
suppressing radical Islamists and permitting only weak opposition from other
political parties. He was quick to condemn the September 11 attacks on the
United States, and in the wake of those attacks reaffirmed the importance of his
crackdown on Islamic fundamentalists. In the meantime more moderate Islamic
groups were demanding a more overtly Islamist state based upon Sharia (Islamic
law). The holding of relatively free elections by Palestinians and in Iraq in
early 2005 led to some publicly expressed Egyptian sentiment in favor of more
democracy at home.
As Mubarak’s fourth six-year term drew to a close in 2005,
some groups called for changes in the constitution. In May 2005 Egyptian voters
approved a constitutional amendment that permitted the first direct multiparty
presidential elections in Egypt’s history. Mubarak won easily in the September
balloting, capturing more than 85 percent of the vote and winning another
six-year term. Opposition candidates, however, charged voter intimidation and
said that Mubarak’s control of the state-owned media prevented their candidacies
from being heard.
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